Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document.

What this section does

When the language of a document is on its face ambiguous or defective (patent ambiguity), evidence may not be given of facts to show its meaning or supply its defects. This rule bars extrinsic evidence to resolve ambiguity that is apparent from the document itself.

AI-generated plain-language summary. For the binding statutory text, see India Code (official).

The rule in one line

Patent ambiguity or defect on the face of a document cannot be resolved or cured by extrinsic evidence.

When it applies

• A written agreement to sell a horse for 'one lakh rupees or one lakh fifty thousand rupees' — evidence cannot be given to show which price was intended.
• A deed containing blanks — evidence cannot be given to show how the blanks were meant to be filled.

Derived from IEA s.93.