Estoppel.

What this section does

When a person has, by declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused another to believe something to be true and act on that belief, neither that person nor their representative can deny the truth of that thing in any suit or proceeding between them. This is the doctrine of promissory or representational estoppel. The illustration shows that a seller who falsely represented title cannot later deny that title to set aside the sale.

AI-generated plain-language summary. For the binding statutory text, see India Code (official).

The rule in one line

A person who intentionally induces another to act on a belief is estopped from denying that belief in subsequent proceedings.

When it applies

• A falsely tells B that land belongs to A; B buys it; A cannot later deny title to set aside the sale.
• A company director who represents to a creditor that a debt is valid cannot later plead it was void to avoid payment.

Derived from IEA s.115.